Hosts have evolved two distinct defence strategies against parasites: resistance (which prevents infection or limit parasite growth) and tolerance (which alleviates the fitness consequences of ...

In many organisms, including all higher plants, the life cycle is such that somatic mutations have the potential to be inherited. The rate at which somatic mutations arise in higher plants can be ...

The genes of an organism play an important role in the development of characteristic traits. However, even the traits of genetically identical clones that grow up under the same environmental ...