Several manufacturers offer op amp-based filter design tools [1-3]. Some tools choose off-the-shelf capacitor values, but others select non-standard ones. The option to alter passive component ...

Clock signals provide reference timing to every integrated circuit and electrical system. Consumer applications typically use simple quartz crystals for reference clock generation. Other applications, ...

A phase-locked loop (PLL) is a feedback system that combines a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and a phase detector in such a way that the oscillator signal tracks an applied frequency or ...