One of digital communication's most useful tools, both analytically and practically, is the constellation diagram. These diagrams encompass signal constellations, which chronologically and ...

Subscribe here to receive similar articles over e-mail whenever Krishna Pillai publishes an article on his site. The article compares various digital modulation schemes like BPSK, QPSK, PAM, 16PSK, ...

Digital information often must travel through analog channels in applications like satellite communication, digital cellular phones, digital microwave communication, and others. This transmission is ...

The advent of all‐optical modulation format conversion techniques has fundamentally reshaped modern optical communications. These techniques enable the direct manipulation of optical signals in their ...