For decades, physicists have relied on the principle of symmetry to simplify and understand the complex behaviors of subatomic particles. Symmetry in physics basically means that some rules of nature ...

The particles that are in an atom: protons, neutrons and electrons The particles that are in protons and neutrons: quarks The four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, the strong force and ...

In collisions of argon and scandium atomic nuclei, scientists from the international NA61/SHINE experiment have observed a clear anomaly indicative of a violation of one of the most important ...

With the discovery of the charm quark in 1974, there opened a new era of studying the heavy quark in the particle physics. Up to now, the Standard Model (SM) has been widely recognized as the theory ...

The universe has cooked up all sorts of bizarre and beautiful forms of matter, from blazing stars to purring cats, out of just three basic ingredients. Electrons and two types of quarks, dubbed “up” ...

In a never-before-seen particle, four quarks of a feather flock together. Physicists think they have detected the first conglomerate of four quarks incorporating more than two of the same kind. This ...

Suggested Citation: "Appendix: Glossary, Abbreviations, and Acronyms." National Research Council. 1998. Elementary-Particle Physics: Revealing the Secrets of Energy ...

Protons might be stretchier than they should be. The subatomic particles are built of smaller particles called quarks, which are bound together by a powerful interaction known as the strong force. New ...

Interior of the Projectile Spectator Detector (PSD) used in the NA61/SHINE experiment at CERN. In collisions of argon and scandium atomic nuclei, scientists from the international NA61/SHINE ...